The present research is aimed at designing a CITIZEN JOURNALISM pattern for developing civil participation in Iran on the basis of grounded theory paradigm. The data used in this research has been gathered and selected by interviewing 25 experts in the field of social communications science through a semi-standard interview using the theoretical sampling method. Furthermore, in order to analyze extracted the data, theoretical coding process has been used for enumerating concepts (basic categories), Subcategories and main categories in accordance with Strauss and Corbin's model (1998). The research findings showed that designing a CITIZEN JOURNALISM pattern for developing civil participation in Iran has been theoretically saturated from 14 main categories, 41 subcategories and 509 concepts based on the factors of Strauss and Corbin’ s approach to grounded theory’ s paradigm (1998). The analytical pattern of CITIZEN JOURNALISM has been constructed for the purpose of developing civil participation in Iran. Furthermore, in order to verify the research categories as well as the constructed pattern, two methods have been used: (A) assessment based on the communicative method, and (B) formation of a focal group. Moreover, in terms of reliability assessment, repeatability was tested using correlation coefficient between two coders and generalizability was tested using theoretical regular comprehensive sampling.

The emerging concept of CITIZEN-reporter is one of the new potentials in the production of radio and television programs and the way using it, can increase the attractiveness of radio program production. The current research is aimed at finding out the potentials of CITIZEN reporting, in radio programming and based on Brecht's theory of participatory radio and Manuel Castells' mass-self communication, raises the question of how and in what topics and formats this potential can be used in interactive production. The research method is qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach, and four radio stations, BBC English, BBC Persian, Deutsche Welle Persian and Radio Iran, have been selected as the statistical population. The sample size was selected and studied from among the programs produced using the potentials of CITIZEN reporting. The stages of program production using CITIZEN reporting are explained in three phases: pre-production, production and post-production, and it indicates that CITIZEN reporting is used in the production of all kinds of radio formats and for all kinds of topics. They contain more information approach and social and political topics, more report format, vox pop, witness voice collage and features. CITIZEN reporting is rarely used in the radio program of national and provincial radio of Iran, but considering the importance of audience participation and its attractiveness, this kind of reporting should be included in the production of the radio program.

Not all blogs pretend to be journalistic or related to current events in the sense shared by institutional media. In fact, most blogs are mainly personal and revolve around the feelings and experiences of the author. However, any blogger can “commit JOURNALISM” when describing or analyzing an event he/she has witnessed. In addition, after blogs became a buzzword within institutional media, some individual journalists also embraced them as a new, more open way to communicate with their audience. Subsequently, media companies themselves have explored the possibilities of this format as a journalistic genre and as an open space in which web users can participate. Even if bloggers writing about current events may not feel comfortable comparing their publishing to JOURNALISM, we argue that this heterogeneous group of weblogs, some made by the public, some by JOURNALISM practitioners, and some by media houses, have something in common that justifies the label ”journalistic weblog”: Although they may not strictly follow traditional journalistic routines and conventions, these weblogs have a clear intention to collect, analyse, interpret or comment on current events to wide audiences and in this way perform the very same social function usually associated with institutionalized media.The main purpose of this study was to compare press journalists to blog journalists, according to journalists bloggers. This research method survey and questionnaire was conducted. The population comprises of all blog journalists working in newspaper portals in Tehran. We used Simple Random Sampling in this study.

Objective: Investigative JOURNALISM has always faced challenges worldwide from governments, pressure groups, and mafia gangs. In Iran, there are numerous obstacles hindering activities in this field, primarily due to the underdeveloped state of free JOURNALISM in the country. The government has also failed to provide the necessary legal support for the advancement of investigative JOURNALISM, while economic hardships faced by journalists and media outlets have further impeded their ability to engage in such activities. Therefore, the aim of this article is to explore the challenges faced by investigative journalists in the digital age.Method: To achieve this objective, in-depth interviews were conducted with 12 communication professors and media activists using the qualitative content analysis method.Findings: The results revealed that "financial and economic constraints and pressures," "restricted access to information," "lack of a clear definition of investigative JOURNALISM," and "technological challenges and the proliferation of fake news" are key challenges faced by investigative journalists in Iran. Additionally, issues such as "declining public trust," "political, legal, and social obstacles," "inadequate training for investigative journalists," and "ethical dilemmas" were identified as other significant challenges.Conclusion: The challenges encountered by investigative journalists in Iran mirror those faced in many other countries, with economic hardships and media-related issues posing significant barriers to the practice of investigative JOURNALISM. It is imperative for media organizations, associations, unions, and government bodies to take proactive steps in legislating and supporting investigative journalists. By doing so, investigative JOURNALISM can serve as a vital tool in combating corruption and promoting transparency.

In this article CITIZEN Media and its role in the formation of alternative public sphere is discussed. At first theoretical issues of formation of alternative public sphere and its dependence on a widespread media like Internet is addressed and then the trend process of CITIZEN Media and their place in the new media ecosystem is debated. The case study of the article comprises of 5 websites involved in CITIZEN JOURNALISM. These case studies were selected for their focus on the formation of alternative public sphere and dialogue atmosphere. As a final point the mechanisms of activities and organizing these media are discussed. It is also mentioned that the selected case studies have particular characteristics and are confronted with certain challenges.

Nowadays, up-to-date sources are produced by researchers worldwide and published in various biomedical journals. Sharing the results of a study in a reputable journal is both a demanding and an exciting process. It is a form of mental exercise and has to be written in a well-organized manner to present logical flow and should respect the accepted international principles; otherwise the paper's rejection rate will be increased either by the editors or peer reviewers.1 Up to 2002, more than 4500 medical journals, mostly in English (88%) have been indexed in MEDLINE.2 currently, in Iran more than 80 medical journals are published.3    

Nowadays, many researches in the field of medicine are conducting all around the world and medical JOURNALISM is a way to share the results. In fact, dissemination of the related manuscripts can prevent the repetitive research or may even lead to conducting a better survey. Therefore high quality medical journals are considered as up-to-date resources for further investigations. Medical journals are propagating their papers in various media including television programs, newspapers, internet websites and different social media. So they can influence the government policy makers, health-care professionals and even public. Moreover, most researchers hear about medical discoveries for the first time through medical journals and their related social media. So as well a high quality journal can help to improve medical science, a journal of poor quality can be damaging and distorting. Indeed, popular journals have the power of inventing a “communication storm” to draw attention to a certain topic. Thus they have to respect the accepted international principles to prevent spreading inaccurate and misleading data. This paper aims to review the previous and current situation of medical JOURNALISM by focus on field of emergency medicine.